Argumentation-Based Non-Monotonic Reasoning of Agents
LIAO Bei-Shui1,2, DAI Jian-Hua1,3
1.Center for the Study of Language and Cognition,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310028 2.Department of Philosophy,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310028 3.College of Computer Science and Technology,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027
Abstract Most of existing theories and methods for belief revision, deliberation, means-ends reasoning etc. are based on classical first order logic, and therefore effective mechanisms are absent in handling incomplete and inconsistent knowledge. Argumentation-based non-monotonic reasoning, including epistemic reasoning and practical reasoning, has become a promising theory to solve the above-mentioned problem. However, as an emerging research area, the basic notions, theories, methods, as well as the existing research problems, are still unclear. In this paper, after presenting the basic notions of argumentation, the recent development of argumentation-based non-monotonic reasoning of agents is analyzed. Finally, some challenging problems are discussed, and the possible future work is pointed out.
[1] Liao Beishui,Huang Huaxin,Gao Ji.A Defeasible Logic-Based Flexible Agent for Autonomic Computing.Journal of Software,2008,19(3): 605-620 (in Chinese) (廖备水,黄华新,高 济.支持自治计算的基于可废止逻辑的柔性Agent.软件学报,2008,19(3): 605-620) [2] Liao Beishui,Huang Huaxin.ANGLE: An Autonomous,Normative and Guidable Agent with Changing Knowledge.Information Sciences,2010,180(17): 3117-3139 [3] Modgil S,Luck M.Argumentation Based Resolution of Conflicts between Desires and Normative Goals // Proc of the 5th International Workshop on Argumentation in Multi-Agent Systems.Estoril,Portugal,2008: 19-36 [4] Rotstein N D,García A J,Simari G R.Defeasible Argumentation Support for an Extended BDI Architecture // Proc of the 4th International Workshop on Argumentation in Multi-Agent Systems.Honolulu,USA,2007: 145-163 [5] Gaertner D,Toni F.Preferences and Assumption-Based Argumentation for Conflict-Free Normative Agents // Proc of the 4th International Workshop on Argumentation in Multi-Agent Systems.Honolulu,USA,2007: 94-113 [6] Falappa M A,Kern-Isberner G,Simari G R.Explanations,Belief Revision and Defeasible Reasoning.Artificial Intelligence,2002,141(1/2): 1-28 [7] Alsinet T,Chesevar C I,Godo L,et al.A Logic Programming Framework for Possibilistic Argumentation: Formalization and Logical Properties.Fuzzy Sets and Systems,2008,159(10): 1208 - 1228 [8] Simari G R,Garcia A J,Capobianco M.Actions,Planning and Defeasible Reasoning // Proc of the 10th International Workshop on Non-Monotonic Reasoning.Whistler,Canada,2004: 377-384 [9] Prakken H.Combining Sceptical Epistemic Reasoning with Credulous Practical Reasoning // Proc of the Conference on Computational Models of Argument.Liverpool,UK,2006: 311-322 [10] Rao A S,Georgeff M.BDI Agents: From Theory to Practice // Proc of the 1st International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems.San Francisco,USA,1995: 312-319 [11] Alchourrón C,Grdenfors P,Makinson D.On the Logic of Theory Change: Partial Meet Contraction and Revision Functions.The Journal of Symbolic Logic,1985,50(2): 510-530 [12] Dastani M,Governatori G,Rotolo A,et al.Programming Cognitive Agents in Defeasible Logic // Proc of the 12th International Conference on Logic for Programming,Artificial Intelligence,and Reasoning.Montego Bay,Jamaica,2005: 621-636 [13] Broersen J,Dastani M,Hulstijn J,et al.Goal Generation in the BOID Architecture.Cognitive Science Quarterly,2002,2(3/4): 431-450 [14] Dung P M.On the Acceptability of Arguments and Its Fundamental Role in Nonmonotonic Reasoning,Logic Programming and n-Person Games.Artificial Intelligence,1995,77(2): 321-357 [15] Dung P M,Mancarella P,Toni F.Computing Ideal Sceptical Argumentation.Artificial Intelligence,2007,171 (10/11/12/13/14/15): 642-674 [16] Kakas A C,Toni F.Computing Argumentation in Logic Programming.Journal of Logic and Computation,1999,9(4): 515-562 [17] Modgil S,Caminada M.Proof Theories and Algorithms for Abstract Argumentation Frameworks // Rahwan I,Simari G R,eds.Argumentation in Artificial Intelligence.New York,USA: Springer,2009: 105-129 [18] Xiong Caiquan,Li Dehua.Model of Argumentation.Journal of Software,2009,20(8): 2181-2190 (in Chinese). (熊才权,李德华.一种研讨模型.软件学报,2009,20(8): 2181-2190) [19] Bench-Capon T J M,Dunne P E.Argumentation in Artificial Intelligence.Artificial Intelligence,2007,171 (10/11/12/13/14/15): 619-641 [20] Simari G R.A Brief Overview of Research in Argumentation Systems // Proc of the 5th International Conference on Scalable Uncertainty Management.Dayton,USA,2011: 81-95 [21] Amgoud L,Prade H.Using Arguments for Making and Explaining Decisions.Artificial Intelligence,2009,173 (3/4): 413-436 [22] Xiong Caiquan,Sun Xianbin,Ouyang Yong.A Survey of Research on Logic Model of Argumentation.Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence,2010,23(3): 362-367 (in Chinese). (熊才权,孙贤斌,欧阳勇.辩论的逻辑模型研究综述.模式识别与人工智能,2010,23(3): 362-367) [23] Governatori G,Rotolo A.Defeasible Logic: Agency,Intention and Obligation // Proc of the 7th International Workshop on Deontic Logic in Computer Science.Madeira,Portugal,2004: 114-128 [24] García A J,Simari G R.Defeasible Logic Programming: An Argumentative Approach.Theory and Practice of Logic Programming,2004,4(1): 95-138 [25] Prakken H,Vreeswijk G.Logical Systems for Defeasible Argumentation // Gabbay D,ed.Handbook of Philosophical Logic.2nd Edition.Dordrecht,Netherland: Kluwer Academic,2000: 219-318 [26] Capobianco M,Chesnevar C I,Simari G R.Argumentation and the Dynamics of Warranted Beliefs in Changing Environments.Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems,2005,11(2): 127-151 [27] Amgoud L.A Formal Framework for Handling Conflicting Desires // Proc of the 7th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty.Aalborg,Denmark,2003: 552-563 [28] Gaertner D,Rodríguez-Aguilar J A,Toni F.Agreeing on Institutional Goals for Multi-Agent Societies // Proc of the COIN International Workshop on Coordination,Oranizations,Institutions and Norms in Agent Systems.Estoril,Portugal,2008: 1-16 [29] Prakken H,Sartor G.Argument-Based Extended Logic Programming with Defeasible Priorities.Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics,1997,7(1): 25-75 [30] Modgil S.Reasoning about Preferences in Argumentation Frameworks.Artificial Intelligence,2009,173(9/10): 901 -934 [31] Bondarenko A,Dung P,Kowalski R,et al.An Abstract,Argumentation-Theoretic Approach for Default Reasoning.Artificial Intelligence,1997,93(1/2): 63-101 [32] Kakas A,Miller R,Toni F.An Argumentation Framework for Reasoning about Actions and Change // Proc of the 5th International Conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning.El Paso,USA,1999: 78-91 [33] Amgoud L.A Unified Setting for Inference and Decision: An Argumentation-Based Approach // Proc of the 21st Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence.Edinburgh,Scotland,2005: 26-33 [34] Matt P A,Toni F,Vaccari J.Dominant Decisions by Argumentation Agents // Proc of the 6th International Workshop on Argumentation in Multi-Agent Systems.Budapest,Hungary,2009: 42-59 [35] Qi Xuetian,Yao Li,Fu Yixing,et al.An Argumentation-Based Approach for Decision Making.Electronic Design Engineering,2011,19(11): 93-96 (in Chinese). (漆学田,姚 莉,符一行,等.一种基于论辩的决策方法研究.电子设计工程,2011,19(11): 93-96) [36] Amgoud L,Devred C,Lagasquie-Schiex M.A Constrained Argumentation System for Practical Reasoning // Proc of the 5th International Workshop on Argumentation in Multi-Agent Systems.Estoril,Portugal,2009: 37-56 [37] Rahwan I,Amgoud L.An Argumentation Based Approach for Practical Reasoning // Proc of the 5th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.Hakodate,Japan,2006: 347-354 [38] Coste-Marquis S,Devred C,Marquis P.Constrained Argumentation Frameworks // Proc of the 10th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning.Lake District,UK,2006: 112-122 [39] Chen Rong,Jiang Yunfei.A New Argumentation Framework and Its Application.Chinese Journal of Computers,2001,24(2): 119-126 (in Chinese) (陈 荣,姜云飞.一种新的辩论推理模式及其应用.计算机学报,2001,24(2): 119-126) [40] Simari G R,Loui R P.A Mathematical Treatment of Defeasible Reasoning and Its Implementation.Artificial Intelligence,1992,53(2/3): 125-157 [41] Caminada M.Semi-Stable Semantics // Proc of the 1st International Conference on Computational Models of Argument.Liverpool,UK,2006: 121-130 [42] Coste-Marquis S,Devred C,Marquis P.Prudent Semantics for Argumentation Frameworks // Proc of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence.Hong Kong,China,2005: 568-572 [43] Modgil S.An Argumentation Based Semantics for Agent Reasoning // Proc of the 1st International Workshop on Languages,Methodologies and Development Tools for Multi-Agent Systems.Durham,UK,2007: 37-53 [44] Dunne P E,Hunter A,McBurney P,et al.Weighted Argument Systems: Basic Definitions,Algorithms,and Complexity Results.Artificial Intelligence,2011,175(2): 457- 486 [45] Dunne P E,Wooldridge M.Complexity of Abstract Argumentation // Rahwan I,Simari G R,eds.Argumentation in Artificial Intelligence.New York,USA: Springer,2009: 85-104 [46] Boella G,Kaci S,van der Torre L.Dynamics in Argumentation with Single Extensions: Abstraction Principles and the Grounded Extension // Proc of the 10th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty.Verona,Italy,2009: 107-118 [47] Cayrol C,de St-Cyr F D,Lagasquie-Schiex M.Revision of an Argumentation System // Proc of the 11th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning.Sydney,Australia,2008: 124-134 [48] Liao Beishui,Li Jin,Koons R C.Dynamics of Argumentation Systems: A Division-Based Method.Artificial Intelligence,2011,175(11): 1790-1814 [49] Wolfgang D,Reinhard P,Stefan W.Towards Fixed-Parameter Tractable Algorithms for Abstract Argumentation.Artificial Intelligence, 2012,186(1): 1-37 [50] Wolfgang D,Sebastian O,Stefan S.Augmenting Tractable Fragments of Abstract Argumentation.Artificial Intelligence,2012,186(1): 157-173
2012, Vol. 25 
